>>> a = "Comment vas-tu ?"
>>> type (a)
<class 'str'>
>>> a.lower ()
'comment vas-tu ?'
>>> a.upper ()
'COMMENT VAS-TU ?'
>>> b = "hello !"
>>> b.capitalize ()
'Hello !'
>>>

Si on demande à Python quel est le type de la variable a, il nous répond que c’est une variable de la classe string. Cela signifie que nous entrons dans la programmation orientée objet ! La varaible a étant un objet de la classe string, les méthodes de cette classe s’y appliquent ! Les méthodes sont des fonctions propres aux classes !

class str méthodes (ou fonctions de classe) : lower ( ) upper ( ) capitalize ( ) …

objet a de la classe string a.lower ( ) a.upper ( ) a.capitalize ( ) …

La syntaxe est objet.methode ()

Vous allez mieux comprendre lorsque nous construirons nos propres classes ! Il existe bien d’autres méthodes liées à la classes str :

>>> help ("str")
Help on class str in module builtins:

class str(object)
 |  str(object='') -> str
 |  str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
 |  
 |  Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
 |  errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
 |  that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
 |  Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
 |  or repr(object).
 |  encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
 |  errors defaults to 'strict'.
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |  
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return key in self.
 |  
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |  
 |  __format__(...)
 |      S.__format__(format_spec) -> str
 |      
 |      Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
 |  
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |  
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |  
 |  __getnewargs__(...)
 |  
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |  
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |  
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |  
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |  
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |  
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self size of S in memory, in bytes
 |  
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |  
 |  capitalize(...)
 |      S.capitalize() -> str
 |      
 |      Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character
 |      have upper case and the rest lower case.
 |  
 |  casefold(...)
 |      S.casefold() -> str
 |      
 |      Return a version of S suitable for caseless comparisons.
 |  
 |  center(...)
 |      S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str
 |      
 |      Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
 |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
 |  
 |  count(...)
 |      S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |      
 |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
 |      string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are
 |      interpreted as in slice notation.
 |  
 |  encode(...)
 |      S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') -> bytes
 |      
 |      Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding
 |      is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error
 |      handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
 |      a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
 |      'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
 |      codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
 |  
 |  endswith(...)
 |      S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
 |      suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
 |  
 |  expandtabs(...)
 |      S.expandtabs(tabsize=8) -> str
 |      
 |      Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 |  
 |  find(...)
 |      S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |      
 |      Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |      
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |  
 |  format(...)
 |      S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str
 |      
 |      Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
 |      The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
 |  
 |  format_map(...)
 |      S.format_map(mapping) -> str
 |      
 |      Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
 |      The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
 |  
 |  index(...)
 |      S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |      
 |      Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
 |  
 |  isalnum(...)
 |      S.isalnum() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
 |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isalpha(...)
 |      S.isalpha() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
 |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isdecimal(...)
 |      S.isdecimal() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,
 |      False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isdigit(...)
 |      S.isdigit() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all characters in S are digits
 |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isidentifier(...)
 |      S.isidentifier() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if S is a valid identifier according
 |      to the language definition.
 |      
 |      Use keyword.iskeyword() to test for reserved identifiers
 |      such as "def" and "class".
 |  
 |  islower(...)
 |      S.islower() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isnumeric(...)
 |      S.isnumeric() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,
 |      False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isprintable(...)
 |      S.isprintable() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all characters in S are considered
 |      printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isspace(...)
 |      S.isspace() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
 |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  istitle(...)
 |      S.istitle() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
 |      character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only
 |      follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
 |      Return False otherwise.
 |  
 |  isupper(...)
 |      S.isupper() -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
 |      at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
 |  
 |  join(...)
 |      S.join(iterable) -> str
 |      
 |      Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
 |      iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
 |  
 |  ljust(...)
 |      S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str
 |      
 |      Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is
 |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
 |  
 |  lower(...)
 |      S.lower() -> str
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
 |  
 |  lstrip(...)
 |      S.lstrip([chars]) -> str
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
 |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
 |  
 |  partition(...)
 |      S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
 |      
 |      Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
 |      the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
 |      found, return S and two empty strings.
 |  
 |  replace(...)
 |      S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str
 |      
 |      Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring
 |      old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
 |      given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
 |  
 |  rfind(...)
 |      S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |      
 |      Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
 |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
 |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 |      
 |      Return -1 on failure.
 |  
 |  rindex(...)
 |      S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 |      
 |      Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
 |  
 |  rjust(...)
 |      S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str
 |      
 |      Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
 |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
 |  
 |  rpartition(...)
 |      S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
 |      
 |      Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
 |      the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
 |      separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
 |  
 |  rsplit(...)
 |      S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
 |      
 |      Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
 |      delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and
 |      working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
 |      splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string
 |      is a separator.
 |  
 |  rstrip(...)
 |      S.rstrip([chars]) -> str
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
 |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
 |  
 |  split(...)
 |      S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
 |      
 |      Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
 |      delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
 |      splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
 |      whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are
 |      removed from the result.
 |  
 |  splitlines(...)
 |      S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings
 |      
 |      Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
 |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
 |      is given and true.
 |  
 |  startswith(...)
 |      S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 |      
 |      Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
 |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
 |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
 |      prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
 |  
 |  strip(...)
 |      S.strip([chars]) -> str
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
 |      whitespace removed.
 |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
 |  
 |  swapcase(...)
 |      S.swapcase() -> str
 |      
 |      Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase
 |      and vice versa.
 |  
 |  title(...)
 |      S.title() -> str
 |      
 |      Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case
 |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.
 |  
 |  translate(...)
 |      S.translate(table) -> str
 |      
 |      Return a copy of the string S, where all characters have been mapped
 |      through the given translation table, which must be a mapping of
 |      Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None.
 |      Unmapped characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to None
 |      are deleted.
 |  
 |  upper(...)
 |      S.upper() -> str
 |      
 |      Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.
 |  
 |  zfill(...)
 |      S.zfill(width) -> str
 |      
 |      Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
 |      of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |  
 |  maketrans(x, y=None, z=None, /)
 |      Return a translation table usable for str.translate().
 |      
 |      If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
 |      ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
 |      Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
 |      If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
 |      in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
 |      character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
 |      must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
>>>